Allergenics are used for allergen immunotherapy to decrease the immune response to allergens. The allergenic is administered to the patient as an injection or sublingually in increasing doses with the treatment plan taking three to five years.

Anti-infectives is a general term used to describe any medicine that is capable of inhibiting the spread of an infectious organism or by killing the infectious organism outright.
This term encompasses antibiotics, antifungals, anthelmintics, antimalarials, antiprotozoals, antituberculosis agents, and antivirals.

Antineoplastics or anticancer drugs affect the process of cell division i.e. are antiproliferative. They damage the DNA and initiate apoptosis, preventing the development and spread of neoplastic cells.
They also affect rapidly dividing normal cells, therefore are likely to suppress the bone marrow, suppress growth, impair healing, cause sterility and cause hair loss.

Biologicals are diagnosic, pregentive, or therapeutic preparations derived or obtained from living organisms and their product, including serum, vaccine, antigen and antitoxin.

Cardiovascular agents are medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the heart or the circulatory system (blood vessels), such as arrhythmias, blood clots, coronary artery disease, high or low blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart failure, and stroke.
There are many different classes of drugs that fall under the general term cardiovascular agent. Some work directly on the blood vessels surrounding the heart, reducing how much force the heart has to pump against. Others lower cholesterol levels and help reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques which cause blood vessel narrowing. Some work in the kidneys to increase fluid and salt loss or improve blood flow through the kidneys. The type of cardiovascular disease the person has determines which class of cardiovascular agent to use.

Central nervous system agents are medicines that affect the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is responsible for processing and controlling most of our bodily functions, and consists of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
There are many different types of drugs that work on the CNS, including anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antiemetics, antiparkinson agents, CNS stimulants, muscle relaxants, narcotic analgesics (pain relievers), nonnarcotic analgesics (such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs), and sedatives.

Coagulation modifiers are drugs that act on the blood coagulation pathway in different places to prevent or promote blood clot formation.

• Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are used to prevent blood clot formation.
• Thrombolytic drugs (also called fibrinolytic drugs) are used to break up blood clots.
• Heparin antagonists, anticoagulant reversal agents, and platelet-stimulating agents are used to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Gastrointestinal agents include many different classes of drugs that are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.

Genitourinary tract agents are medicines, which are used to treat conditions of the reproductive organs and excretory system or urinary tract. They include medicines used for bladder spasms, urinary pH modifiers, medicines for erectile dysfunction in men and medicines that suppress uterine contractions to prevent preterm labor.

Hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of the body (by an endocrine gland) and is carried in the blood to other distant organs or tissues where it acts to modify their structure or function. Some cells release hormones that induce a response in the neighboring cells (paracrine function), or sometimes the hormones can act on the cells they are released from (autocrine function).
For a cell to respond to a particular hormone it needs to have specific receptors for that hormone, and once the hormone binds to the receptor specific chemical pathways are activated that lead to a response.
Examples of hormones are corticosteroids (from the adrenal cortex), growth hormone (from the pituitary gland) and androgens (from the testes).

Immunologic agents are drugs that can modify the immune response, either by enhancing or suppressing the immune system. They are used to fight infections, prevent and treat certain diseases.
Immunologic agents include drugs used for immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection. They can be used as cancer chemotherapy agents. Some immunologic agents can down-regulate the inflammatory process and can be used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune conditions and so on.

Investigational drugs may also be called experimental drugs and they refer to medicines that are currently being studied in clinical trials to see if a specific disease or medical condition improves while taking it. Clinical trials help determine:

• If the medicine works
• If the medicine is safe
• How the medicine works in that disease
• How much medicine is needed
• The potential benefits and risks of taking the medicine.
Investigational drugs have not yet been approved by the FDA as being safe and effective, and their labeling has not yet been approved by FDA.

Medical gases include carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, nitrogen oxide or air. Medical gases can be use on their own or in combination for therapeutic effect or as a insufflation during surgery.

Metabolic agents are substances capable of producing an effect on the sum of the chemical and physical changes occurring in tissue, consisting of those reactions that convert small molecules into large (anabolism), and those reactions that convert large molecules into small (catabolism ).

Miscellaneous agents includes all products not classified elsewhere.

Nutritional products include products, which either supplement the nutrition or provide part or all of the daily nutritional requirements. They include intravenous or oral nutrition that can provide all the nutrition. Nutritional products also include supplements for example, iron and other vitamins, minerals and electrolytes.

Plasma expanders are agents that have relatively high molecular weight and boost the plasma volume by increasing the osmotic pressure. They are used to treat patients who have suffered hemorrhage or shock. Shock occurs due to reduced blood volume (usually due to hemorrhage) and it is necessary to get the blood volume back to normal as quickly as possible.

Psychotherapeutic agents are used to treat psychosis, which refers to a group of mental disorders for example depression, schizophrenia, manic-depressive disorders and so on. They affect mood and behavior. The different class of psychotherapeutic agents would work differently. They may produce their effects by receptor block, inhibition of transporters, and by other mechanisms. The clinical benefits of these drugs may take weeks to appear.

Agents used in radiology, the branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease.

Respiratory agents is a term used to describe a wide variety of medicines used to relieve, treat, or prevent respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or pneumonia.
Respiratory agents are available in many different forms, such as oral tablets, oral liquids, injections or inhalations. Inhalations deliver the required medicine or medicines directly to the lungs, which means the medicine(s) can act directly on the lung tissues, minimizing systemic side effects.
Some products contain more than one medicine (for example, inhalers that combine a long-acting bronchodilator with a glucocorticoid).

Topical agents are used locally, where the medicine is applied on the area being treated. For example creams, ointment and lotions are applied topically on the skin. Eye drops are instilled directly into the eyes.

Alternative medicines includes various healing systems, such as homeopathy, herbal remedies, naturopathy, chiropractic, acupuncture, etc., that are not regarded as part of orthodox treatment by the medical profession.
Some of these treatments are now accepted to be of value in some circumstances.

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